The ROAS formula
ROAS on its own tells you nothing about profit. The number that matters is your break-even ROAS, which depends on how much of each sale you keep.
Margin per order = price (ex VAT) − product cost − shipping − payment fees
Worked example
A UK online store sells a product at £60 including VAT. Stripping VAT leaves £50. The product costs £22, shipping £4 and card fees 2.5% (£1.25). Margin per order is £22.75, or 45.5% of net revenue. Break-even ROAS is £60 ÷ £22.75 = 2.64. A campaign running at 2.0 ROAS looks fine in Ads Manager and loses money on every order. The same shop in Pakistan selling at Rs 15,000 with the same cost structure gets the same break-even, which is why the currency switch changes the figures but not the ratio.
How to use the result
Set your target ROAS in Google Ads (Target ROAS bidding) or Meta (ROAS goal) at or above the target figure, not the break-even. The max cost per sale is the number to give any agency as your CPA target. The max CPC is the most you can bid if your site converts at the rate you entered. Change the conversion rate and you'll see why landing pages matter as much as bids.